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Learn About Factory Farming

Updated: Dec 11

Factory farming is a world hidden behind closed doors, where animals are born into lives of suffering, cruelty, and exploitation. Here is an in-depth look into the lives of cows, pigs, and chickens in the factory farming system.

Cows

Birth and Separation

  • The Motherly Cow: Among mammals, few are as tender and nurturing as mother cows. They bond deeply with their calves, caring for them with undivided devotion. Tragically, in the dairy industry, this natural bond is broken again and again.

    When her calf is taken away, the mother cow's anguished cries echo for days. She bellows and searches, desperately calling out for her baby. Witnessing this suffering is a profound reminder of how deeply animals can feel loss and pain. Ignoring this reality reveals how far removed we have become from the natural world and how diminished our empathy has grown.

  • Forced Impregnation: Cows, like all mammals, only produce milk after giving birth. In factory farms, cows are forcibly impregnated year after year to keep milk production constant. They are restrained in narrow chutes where a worker inserts an arm into the cow's rectum to open her cervix before injecting bull semen. This process, once commonly called the "rape rack" by the industry, is now referred to as "breeding boxes" in an attempt to sanitize the harsh reality.

  • Calf Separation: Shortly after giving birth, mother cows are separated from their newborn calves, usually within hours. This separation causes immense emotional distress. This trauma repeats with each birth, creating a perpetual cycle of grief.

  • Calf Fate: The fate of the calves depends on their gender. Male calves are often sent to veal farms, feedlots, or slaughterhouses, where they endure lives of intense confinement and suffering. Female calves are raised to become dairy cows like their mothers, destined to experience the same cycle of exploitation and abuse.

Cow Manipulation: Dehorning, Branding, and More

  • Dehorning: Cows on factory farms are subjected to painful procedures that strip them of their natural characteristics and identity. Dehorning is a common practice where calves' horn buds are burned or cut off, often without anesthesia, causing extreme pain and distress. This process is done to prevent injury in the cramped conditions of factory farms but leaves the animals suffering from chronic pain.

  • Branding: Cows are subjected to branding, where hot irons are pressed into their skin to indicate ownership, leaving permanent scars.

  • Tail Docking: They may also endure tail docking, a procedure in which a portion of their tail is removed, supposedly to improve hygiene, but it causes lasting discomfort and limits their ability to swat away flies. These manipulations serve only to make the cows more manageable for farm workers while disregarding their well-being and natural behaviors. Exploitation and Overproduction

  • Milk Production: In nature, a cow would produce up to 25 pounds of milk per day for her calf. However, factory farms force cows to produce an astounding 70 to 100 pounds of milk daily. To achieve this, cows are fed "enriched" feed containing animal by-products, the unused organs of other animals like pigs and chickens, a perverse violation of their natural herbivorous diet.

  • Physical Strain: The extreme overproduction of milk leads to painful conditions like mastitis, a severe udder infection. The hormones and antibiotics used in these cows further compromise their health. Their udders become so swollen that they sometimes drag on the ground into their own feces, causing further pain and risk of infection.

  • Continuous Reproduction: Dairy cows are impregnated at much younger ages than they would be in nature, enduring constant cycles of pregnancy and lactation. This relentless reproduction weakens their bodies, and while a cow in the wild could live up to 20 to 25 years, dairy cows in factory farms are often "spent" and slaughtered at just 4 years old.

  • Downed Cows: "Downed cows" are cows that become too weak, sick, or injured to stand or walk, and this fate befalls approximately 500,000 dairy cows each year in the U.S. The constant cycle of forced impregnation, over-milking, and confinement leaves these cows physically depleted. They collapse under the strain of their unnaturally high milk production and the harsh conditions they endure.

  • Leg Shackling: When a cow becomes "downed," she is often neglected, left lying in filth, unable to move. At slaughterhouses, these cows are subjected to further cruelty; they are leg-shackled and dragged by chains if they cannot walk, causing torn skin, broken tendons, and fractured bones. This brutal treatment underscores how the dairy industry views cows not as sentient beings but as mere commodities to be exploited until they are utterly "spent."

Confinement and Milking

  • Tie Stalls: Dairy cows spend their lives confined to tie stalls or concrete-floored barns with little room to move. During milking, they are secured in "milking parlors," head-locked into uncomfortable positions, while machines extract their milk. The automated systems prioritize efficiency over welfare, leading to injuries, infections, and stress.

  • Lack of Pasture: Most dairy cows are denied access to pastures. They spend their lives confined indoors, separated from the natural environment, unable to graze, socialize, or engage in their natural behaviors.

The Brutality of Slaughter

  • Transport: Once a dairy cow's body is worn out and milk production declines, she is deemed "spent" and sent to slaughter. The transport to the slaughterhouse is often long and grueling, lasting for days without food or water. Cows collapse from exhaustion, illness, or injury during transport. Approximately 29,000 cows die each year in transport in the U.S.

  • Slaughter Process: At the slaughterhouse, cows are supposed to be rendered unconscious before their throats are slit. However, due to high production speeds, this is often not done correctly. Some cows are still conscious when they are hung upside down and bled out. These cows, who have spent their lives producing milk for human consumption, are reduced to meat for hamburgers and animal feed.

  • Slaughtered While Pregnant: Shockingly, an estimated 20% of dairy cows (600,000 per year), who are sent to slaughter are still pregnant. The constant cycle of forced impregnation and milk production exhausts their bodies to the point where they are deemed unproductive. These pregnant cows are sent to slaughterhouses, where both the mother and her unborn calf face an inhumane end.

Pigs

Birth and Confinement

  • Gestation Crates: Female pigs (sows) are repeatedly impregnated through artificial insemination and kept in gestation crates for most of their pregnancies. These crates are so small that the pigs cannot turn around or take more than a step forward. This severe confinement denies them the ability to perform natural behaviors like rooting, foraging, and socializing. After each pregnancy, the sows are re-impregnated, perpetuating a cycle of constant confinement. The psychological toll of this confinement drives them to gnaw at the metal bars of the crates for hours on end, leaving their jaws painfully injured and swollen.

  • Farrowing Crates: After giving birth, sows are moved to slightly larger farrowing crates, where they nurse their piglets through narrow bars. These crates immobilize the mother pigs, preventing them from interacting naturally with their young. Piglets are accidentally suffocated by their mothers, as the sows cannot move to avoid crushing them. This distressing separation is repeated with every litter, leaving the mother pigs in a continuous state of anxiety and frustration.

Piglet Mutilation and Thumping

  • Pig Thumping: Pig thumping, a standard practice in factory farming, also known as piglet euthanasia, is a brutal method used on factory farms to dispose of piglets that are sick, injured, or deemed too small to be profitable. This practice involves workers grabbing piglets by their hind legs and forcefully slamming them headfirst onto concrete floors or walls. The intention is to kill the piglets instantly, but it often results in a slow and agonizing death, as some piglets are left writhing in pain or struggling to breathe.

  • Castration: Male piglets are castrated shortly after birth without any pain relief. This process is traumatic and causes days of pain, with piglets often lying alone and trembling. Meat producers claim that castration is necessary to improve the taste of the meat, inflicting pain for consumer tastebuds.

  • Tail Docking: To prevent tail biting caused by the stress of overcrowding, farmers cut off piglets' tails without anesthesia. This mutilation causes acute pain and long-term nerve damage.

  • Ear Notching: Workers cut sensitive parts of piglets' ears to identify them by the number of cuts, a painful process performed without anesthetic. This further exemplifies the industry's view of pigs as products rather than sentient beings.

Confinement and Rapid Growth

  • Feedlots: Pigs are genetically manipulated to grow at an alarming rate, reaching "market weight" at just six months old. This unnatural growth causes health issues such as arthritis and joint problems, leaving many pigs unable to stand or walk.

  • Crowded Pens: Pigs are very clean animals. In factory farms, they are confined to small, overcrowded pens, where they sleep and eat in their own waste. The severe stress leads to abnormal behaviors, such as biting each other's tails, which is why tail docking is practiced.

Transport and Slaughter

  • Transport: When pigs are ready for slaughter, they are loaded onto crowded trucks for long journeys, sometimes lasting over 28 hours. During transport, they suffer extreme temperatures, dehydration, and injury from overcrowding. Many pigs die from exhaustion, heatstroke, or hypothermia. Approximately 726,000 pigs die each year in transport in the U.S.


  • Slaughter Process: At the slaughterhouse, more than 1,000 pigs are killed every hour. Pigs are stunned before their throats are slit open, left to bleed out, and then dipped into scalding water to remove their hair. Due to the speed of the slaughter line, some pigs are improperly stunned and remain conscious as they are hung upside down and killed. Many pigs are boiled alive in the scalding tanks, enduring unimaginable agony.

  • Gas Chambers: In an attempt to streamline the slaughter process, some factory farms have turned to gas chambers as a method of killing pigs. These chambers use high concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) to render pigs unconscious before slaughter. However, this method is far from humane. As pigs are exposed to the gas, they panic, squeal, and gasp for breath, experiencing extreme distress and pain before losing consciousness. The gas causes a burning sensation in their lungs and can take up to a minute or more to render them unconscious, prolonging their suffering.

Chickens

Birth and Early Life

  • Selective Breeding: Chickens raised for meat, known as broilers, are selectively bred to grow unnaturally fast and large. In just six to seven weeks, they reach a size that would take months under natural conditions. This rapid growth leads to painful health issues, including skeletal and metabolic disorders, heart problems, and crippled legs.

  • Male Chicks: Male chicks are deemed useless and are killed shortly after birth—often suffocated, decapitated, or ground up alive. Female chicks are kept for egg production but have their beaks sliced off with a hot iron to prevent aggression in overcrowded cages.

  • Debeaking: Debeaking, also known as beak trimming, is a common and cruel practice. To prevent birds from pecking each other in the stressful, overcrowded conditions of factory farms, a portion of their beaks is sliced off, often with a hot blade or infrared laser. This procedure is done without anesthesia, causing acute pain, as the beak is filled with sensitive nerves. The pain can persist long after the trimming, sometimes resulting in difficulty eating, drinking, and preening. Debeaking not only deprives chickens of their natural behaviors, such as foraging and pecking, but also leaves them in a constant state of discomfort, highlighting the industry's disregard for the welfare of these sentient animals.

Confinement and Overcrowding

  • Battery Cages: Layer hens are confined to battery cages, each bird given less space than a sheet of paper. They are crammed into small wire enclosures with up to eight birds, causing severe stress and aggression. The wire floors lead to painful sores, cuts, and broken bones.

  • Broiler Chickens: Broiler chickens are packed into dark, crowded barns, where they live in their own waste. Their rapid growth often leaves them unable to walk, causing some chickens to starve to death as they cannot reach food or water. The ammonia from their waste causes respiratory diseases and burns on their skin and eyes.

Forced Molting and Overproduction

  • Forced Molting: To force additional egg-laying cycles, hens are deprived of food, water, and light for up to 18 days. This practice shocks their bodies into producing more eggs but causes immense physical and mental stress, leading to weakened immune systems and death.

  • Overproduction: Broiler chickens are bred for oversized breasts and thighs, resulting in bodies that their bones cannot support. Many chickens experience heart failure or become crippled under their weight, leaving them to suffer in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions.

Transport and Slaughter, Boiled Alive

  • Transport: When chickens and turkeys are ready for slaughter, they are roughly grabbed, stuffed into crates, and transported to slaughterhouses. Approximately 26 million chickens die each year during transport to slaughter. This accounts for about 0.25% of the billions of chickens transported annually. These deaths are often due to extreme stress, overcrowding, rough handling, temperature extremes, and lack of food or water during transit.

  • Slaughter Process: At the slaughterhouse, birds are hung upside down on metal shackles and dunked in an electrical bath intended to stun them. Due to the high-speed production line, many birds are not stunned properly and are still conscious when their throats are cut. According to the USDA, approximately 850,000 chickens and turkeys are boiled alive each year because they reach the scalding tanks without being slaughtered correctly.

Turkeys In his recent book, Peter Singer exposes the systematic torment inflicted on tens of millions of Thanksgiving turkeys each year. Most of these turkeys are factory-farmed, subjected to conditions so grotesque they’re hard to comprehend. For anyone who has spent time learning about factory farming, the truth is often worse than imagined.

Consider this shocking description:


Genetic Engineering Gone Wrong

The turkey industry has genetically manipulated turkeys to grow abnormally large—up to 41 pounds by four months of age, compared to just 8 pounds for wild turkeys of the same age. These birds are so unnaturally large that they are physically incapable of mating.

To overcome this, the industry employs a process clinically referred to as “artificial insemination.” In practice, this means forcibly masturbating male turkeys to collect semen, then restraining female turkeys to inject the semen into them. Workers report that the process is traumatic for both the turkeys and the humans involved.

The Starvation of Breeding Turkeys

Parent turkeys, used for breeding, are systematically starved to prevent them from becoming even more obese than their offspring. These turkeys are fed only half the food they need, leaving them perpetually hungry, searching in vain for sustenance.

The Cruel Lives of Meat-Bound Turkeys

Turkeys raised for meat endure even more horrific conditions:

  • Debeaking and Mutilation: Their beaks, filled with nerve endings, are sliced off, along with other painful mutilations like removing their snoods and claw spurs.

  • Cramped, Filthy Sheds: Turkeys spend their lives confined to overcrowded sheds, lying in acidic feces that burn their skin and cause constant pain.

  • Electric Shocks: Turkeys attempt to perch as they would in nature, but electric wires around feeding and water lines deliver severe shocks to prevent this behavior.

Death and Slaughter

When it comes time for slaughter, the turkeys are meant to be stunned unconscious before their throats are slit. However, in the U.S., stunning isn’t required, so many turkeys are slaughtered while fully conscious.

Even worse, during bird flu outbreaks, turkeys are often killed en masse using a process called ventilation shutdown. This involves sealing the barn and pumping in steam, suffocating and roasting the turkeys alive—a method described as one of the most inhumane practices imaginable.

Why Opt Out of Turkey This Thanksgiving?

Thanksgiving turkeys are the result of a process we’d unequivocally call sexual assault if inflicted on humans. These birds are bred into deformed, oversized bodies, mutilated, starved, and tortured in cramped, dark sheds. Their short lives are filled with pain, culminating in a death that is often as cruel as their lives.

Turkey may taste good, but it’s not worth the suffering. This Thanksgiving, choose compassion. Opt out of contributing to an industry built on unimaginable cruelty.


Factory farming's dominance has ripple effects that go far beyond the suffering of animals; it seeps into every aspect of our world. The violence and cruelty inherent in factory farming erodes our sense of empathy and respect for sentient beings. This systemic cruelty not only harms animals but also desensitizes humans, promoting a culture of dominance and exploitation.


 


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